The Importance Of A Early Assessment And Coaching

Without establishing that he or she has competence, even excellence in certain areas - it diminishes the ability to influence others to achieve the same thing. Acquiring task competence takes commitment, hard work, and experience. There is no other way to develop expertise in the tasks of ministry. This does not mean the leader has to have all of the task competence, but they need enough to be able to model it and make parallel connections between tasks. Without this, the other areas are already undermined. It’s not just that assessment is needed, good quality assessment is needed early in the process. Need to Assess to inform Coaching Early Assessment and coaching are Interwoven For many large church-planting organizations, early assessment and the initial phases of coaching are interwoven and constantly informing one another. For example, church planting leaders will set up informal meetings over coffee or a meal to ask questions of a potential planter to learn more about them while at the same time offering suggestions and insights appropriate to the candidate’s particular situation. The scope of church planting opportunities is still broad at this stage, so the expertise of a church planting leader can help a candidate hone in on what is most important. This is also the opportunity for a leader to discern any big life situations or roadblocks to planting that may mean the timing is not right to go any further with the process until those things are resolved.Show MoreRelatedProfessional Learning And Technology Innovation Course926 Words   |  4 Pagescompleted an Individual Teacher Technology Assessment using Knight’s (2007), Partnership A pproach. In this artifact, I was able to assess and coach a colleague in integrating instructional technology. Throughout our partnership, I was able to keep a coaching journal to record what I had learned, discuss the challenges that I faced, the coaching strategies that I used, and the impact of technology integration. The Individual Teacher Technology Assessment artifact demonstrates my ability to researchRead MoreCoaching Process Exercise And Inventory Self Assessment Questionnaire1640 Words   |  7 PagesCoaching is a short term process used to enhance the development of an employee. Coaching is valuable to the organization as a whole. A coachee need for development must be purposeful to realize development. Before beginning the coaching process, you must ensure that you understand what your role as coach is, that your coachee is aware of their responsibilities, and that the environment in which the coaching takes place is conducive to this activity (Coaching Skills for Managers, n.d.). Hay GroupRead MoreDeveloping Others For Successful Outcomes1374 Words   |  6 Pagessuccessful operations. Without the right people a business is just walls and capital equipment incapable of generating value. People are the brains of an operation, ensuring the rest of the body understands the response re quired to function. The importance of putting the right person in the right position can prove a daunting task. Every person is unique with a different mental and physical makeup. This make up shapes a person’s beliefs and attitudes. Putting a personality that is square in a roundRead MoreA Statement On Building A Foundation1193 Words   |  5 Pagesyoung professional earning approximately $100,000. He has a savings and checking account and no debt. Bill wants to learn ways to handle his money. Prior to starting the session with Bill, I asked him if we could pray. I explained to Bill the importance of inviting the Lord and allowing the wisdom and guidance from the Holy Spirit in every session. After prayer, I explained to Bill what a Christian financial coach does for their clients. A Christian financial coach follows Jesus Christ and assistsRead MoreThe No Chiuld Left Behind Act Essay1636 Words   |  7 PagesFrancisco Unified School District, central administrative teams began a tra nsition phase starting as early as four to five years ago when Common Core State Standards were introduced to low performing schools. As the Instructional Reform Facilitator during that time, it was exciting because new and more robust learning/content standards also required a change in our approach to instruction and assessment. This was the lever in my mind that this could help close the achievement gap. However this new initiativeRead MoreProfessional Learning And Technology Innovation Course Essay857 Words   |  4 PagesIn the ITEC 7460 Professional Learning and Technology Innovation course, I completed an Individual Teacher Technology Assessment using Knight’s (2007), Partnership Approach. The purpose of this artifact was to assess the technological need of a teacher and coach that teacher in effectively implementing digital tools. Using a Loti Questionnaire, six-point Likert Scale, and interviews, I assessed Mrs. Smith, an AP Calculus Teacher, to determine her leve l of technology use, her attitudes towards changeRead MoreThe Teacher Assistants Of Canadian International Collage, Ahram Canadian University, Modern And Science Academy Essay1387 Words   |  6 Pagesfor their team as the need arises. Coaching is driven by a questions addressed to the coachee. .coaching become a popular title that is being used by a lot of professionals often with no training .coaching is also solving problem, setting goals and learn new behaviours. The coaching programs was a satisfying experience for personal growth and professional development. Coaching is differ according to the culture ,this paper will illustrate the impact of coaching on employees and how to applyingRead MoreThe Leadership Development Plan From The Corporate And Executive Development Centre1650 Words   |  7 Pagesand towards stimulating the company’s leaders to master personal behavioural changes required in supporting the operational tasks. The Corporate and Management Devel opment Centre will outline observations that will contribute towards an accurate assessment of the status quo at Connections and diagnose potential areas for intervention. On the basis of the before mentioned observations, with consideration of industry practice, a leadership development initiative will be presented, with emphasis on stimulatingRead MoreAn Academic Critique Of A Research Article By Karen L. Gischlar And Joanne P. Vesay Essay1598 Words   |  7 Pagesentitled: Literacy Curricula and Assessment: A Survey of Early Childhood Educators in two States. I was attracted to this article because being an early educator myself, I know how important literacy instructions is in the early years. It intrigued me to read about the types of curricula and assessment used by other educators to assess young children learning. The purpose of the article was to survey early childhood educators regarding their literacy practices and the assessments implemented in their classroomRead MoreE vidence-Based Practices For Youth Offenders1343 Words   |  6 Pagesthose youth with dual diagnosis, approximately 30 percent have lost the ability to function as a result of their disorder (SAMHSA, 2017). Therefore, to determine the best treatment plan for youth offenders, evidence-based practices focus on the importance of informed decision making in order to meet the needs of each individual client. Furthermore, in order to promote change and influence policy makers, the evidence-based practice must be researched and studied and prove to be effective (Mihalic

Andy Warhol s Influence On Society Essay - 1614 Words

Andy Warhol was extremely unique and influential during his time and still is today. He is known for using celebrities and material items in his artwork in almost satirical but also nostalgic way. American culture intrigue him in many ways and because of that he was known for focusing on pop culture icons and also daily goods that the average consumer would have in their household. Beginning at the young age of eight years old and he begins to shape his artistic abilities which molded him into the artist we know today. Andy, â€Å"What’s great about this country is that America started the tradition where the richest consumers buy essentially the same things as the poorest. You can be watching TV and see Coca-Cola, and you can know that the President drinks Coke. Liz Taylor drinks Coke, and just think, you can drink Coke, too.† (BrainyQuote) Andy Warhol was born on August 6, 1928 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as Andrew Worhola. Both of Andy s parents were Slovakia n immigrants his father was a construction worker and his mother was an embroiderer. Throughout Andy’s entire life him and his family attended mass regularly and were devout Catholics. When Andy was only eight years old he contracted a sometimes fatal and rare disease called Chorea. This disease was known to attack the nervous system and it left Andy in bed sick for months. At this time during several months where Andy was stuck in bed his mother began to give him drawing lessons. He would later sayShow MoreRelatedAndy Warhol s Influence On Society1939 Words   |  8 PagesAndy Warhol was a Commercial Illustrator, Artist, Filmmaker, and Author. Andy Warhol’s parents came from a village in the Carpathian Mountains, what we known as Slovakia. Andy was the third child born to his Czechoslovakian immigrant parents in a the social group consisting of people who are employed for wages in the community of Pittsburgh. Growing up, Andy was very intelligent and creative. By the age of eight years old Andy came down with rheumatic an abnormally high body temperature that causedRead MoreWarhol : A Artist And A Prominent Figure Into The Pop Art Movement1300 Words   |  6 PagesAndy Warhol was a multimedia artist and a prominent figure in the Pop Art Movement. Andr ew Warhola was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. From 1945 to 1949, Warhola studied at the Carnegie Institute of Technology. In 1949, he moved and settled in New York and changed his surname to Warhol. He then worked as a Commercial artist. In the earlier years of the 1960’s, Warhol enjoyed experimenting with large mass advertisements, magazines, and other images. In 1962, he started working on the Marilyn MonroeRead MoreAndy Warhol s Influence On Modern Art1561 Words   |  7 Pagesin the course, Andy Warhol is definitely one of the most influential. Far ahead of his time in thinking and talented in several media forms, Warhol was a product of his time and defined his era with the use of his artwork, giving rise to other artists within the same time period. This paper will argue that Warhol was not only an influence to modern art, he defined the concept of pop art, which combined consumerism and pop culture, creating works that questioned the norm of society at the time, wh ileRead MorePop Art As A Form Of Art1014 Words   |  5 Pageswas named by the art critic Lawrence Alloway. At first the public didn t accept Pop Art as a form of art. It was later accepted by many critics. The critics felt it showed that technology and media where starting to make a considerable change in society. Pop Art was a way of taking everyday objects and putting them into a painting or drawing in an abstract way. Comic books, ads, and food wrappers are some examples of what art was made during the era. The purpose of Pop Art was thought to bring backRead MoreAndrew Warhola was born in 1928, in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. He majored in pictorial design at the1100 Words   |  5 Pageshe moved to New York where he started working as a commercial artist and illustrator for several magazines, Vogue, The New Yorker, and Harper’s Bazaar. In the 1950’s, Warhola had a successful job as a commercial artist, earning several awards for his talents and soon shortens his name to Warhol (Andy Warhol // Biography). Andy Warhol was an American artist who was known as a leading figure in the visual art movement in pop art. He explored the relationships between artistic expressions, commercialRead MoreEssay about Pop Art’s Response to Mass Consumerism1133 Words   |  5 Pagesmagazin es, movies, †¦ and even [brand name] bottles and cans† to convey a message about the artist’s views on society. Using bold coloured paintings, soft sculptures, and printmaking, artists would create facsimiles, similar reproductions of popular merchandise and collages. The purpose was to emphasize the banality of any given mass culture. This was a response the post-war conservative society which focused on consumerism and the consumption of name-brand products. The American economy had significantlyRead MoreThe Pop Art Movement Essay1303 Words   |  6 Pagesa British art critic in 1950’s. The name â€Å"Pop Art† reflected on the â€Å"familiar imagery of the contemporary urban environment† (kleiner, 981). This art form was popular for its bold and simple looks plus its bright and vibrant colors. An example of this type of art is the oil painting done by Andy Warhol, â€Å"Marilyn Diptych† (Warhol, Marilyn Diptych) in 1962. The Pop ar t movement became known in the mid-1950 and continued as main type of art form until the late 1960’s. The Pop art movement, was aRead MoreThe Pop Art Movement : An International Phenomenon1438 Words   |  6 Pagesinternational phenomenon that began in the 1950’s in which artists like Roy Lichtenstein and Andy Warhol sought to initiate fresh thinking in art. The term Pop Art is credited to the British art critic Lawrence Alloway and is short for â€Å"popular art† which referred to the popular mass culture and familiar imagery of the contemporary urban environment. This movement was a comment and expansion on the then popular ideas of the Abstract Impressionism movement. Fred S. Kleiner says of pop artists, [they] revivedRead MoreHumanism : A Progressive Philosophy Of Life1128 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent challenges than Andy Warhol to get his name accredited into the art community in the late 1900s. Basquiat was an American artist born in Brooklyn, New York. He was born to a Haitian father and a Puerto Rican mother. Do you really believe that Basquiat got the same resources, opportunities, and acclaim as Andy Warhol who was the product of immigrants from Slovakia? Although both artist are not from the U.S. and are presented as a minority group in the 1900s, Warhol on site passes off as aRead MoreEssay about Andy Warhol1980 Words   |  8 Pages Andy Warhol Never before have I encountered more intriguing works of art than those done by Andy Warhol. I have been curious about his life ever since I saw his work in Milwaukee. I saw his famous work of the Campbells Soup Can. By viewing this, one can tell he is not your average artist. Im sure his life is full of interesting events that shaped him into who he was. As an artist myself, I would like to get to know the background of his life. I may then be able to appreciate his styles and understand

China Town Free Essays

string(56) " simplified lines and geometrical patterns to decorate\." 1. 0 Introduction During the 19th century, Malaya had been colonised by the British and many Chinese and Indian had migrates to Malaya. As a city, Kuala Lumpur had become the most crowded and fast development place. We will write a custom essay sample on China Town or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many colonial and migrations stay at Kuala Lumpur. Through colonisation and migration, both knowledge and methods of house construction had been adapted to the Malaya architecture during that time. Therefore there are many heritage buildings especially the Chinese shop houses had been influence by the foreign design. In this essay, I had make a field trip to Petaling Street to collect photographs of shophouses. Through the characteristic of the design of the shophouses I need to identify the Malaysia and foreign design influences of the traditional shop houses in Petaling Street. Description and contrast had been made of the influences of the shop houses by comparing the buildings which the structures had been influence by. 2. 0 Background 2. 1 British Colonisation In Malaysia During 19-20 Century Figure 1: Tin mine Tim mining, a popular activity amongst there and they increases many Chinese workers to migrates to Malaya (figure 1). Chinese migrates brought their tradition dwelling design where the two storey Chinese shop houses becomes common. â€Å"During British colonise Malaya, many public and private building had been built by the British which contain the mixture of architecture styles such as Renaissance, Palladia, Neoclassical and revived Gothic because Kuala Lumpur has become the Federal Capital and Headquarters of the Resident General. † (Mohammad Iza,(2010),p. 45. ) 2. 2 Shophouses Before 1880’s Chinese shophouses was a very simple construction of one storey houses which only use wooden parts supporting on attap roof which is open to the street. While the rear section of the shophouses was usually built on piles over a river to facilitate the delivery of goods. Most of the construction is use the locally available materials combine with Chinese architecture influence. Therefore curved gable are glazed ornamental tiles are some of the Chinese shop houses characteristic. Moreover the stucco decorations is the intention of which was to emphasis the character and background of the owner. The early shophouses are build in rows with uniforms facades and a continuous, covered five-foot way in front (figure 2). There are also jack roof on the shop houses which rise above the main roof to allowed accumulated hot air in the house to escape (figure 3). Besides that, there is also low rickety, shuttered window on the front of the first floor. Figure 2: Five-foot way Figure 3: Jack roof â€Å"Before World War II, the commercial centre of every Malaysian town was featured by one or more streets lined with usually two storeys high shophouses, where trading were occurred at the lower floor and the upper floors as residential accommodation area. † (Anon,(2008),p. 44. However, the position of the shop and residential space might be different depending on the number of floors of a shophouse. For an example, a single story shophouse tends to include residential area behind the shop; while for the shophouses of two or more storeys have residential space typically located above the shop. Early masonry shophouses were often built around 6-7 metres wide and 30 metres deep occasionally extended to 60 metres according to its location. They were often built in rows with uniform facades and a covered five-foot way in front of the shophouse. The five-foot way was first imposed by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, a British colonial administration that founded the city of Singapore in 1822. †(online,www. wikipedia. com). It is an old practice specifying that all shophouses should include a minimum five-foot-wide veranda on the ground floor. This building tradition addressed the extremes of the tropical sun and rain, and created pedestrian linkages at ground level. These shaded areas were conducive to the shopkeepers by providing an extra space area to displaying their products (figure 4) . Apart from that, the typical Chinese shophouse was built in rows with a common wall between each unit. The walls that separate the shophouses are generally constructed by local manufactured baked clay. They are structural, load bearing walls to transfer the weight of the roof and upper floors down to the ground. Besides, the front of the shophouse on the ground floor has no walls, enabling goods to be displayed along the full width (figure 5) . Since the shophouse has no front walls, the front will be boarded up with fitted timber panels and secured with horizontal bars to lock up the shop. In addition, to ventilate the shophouse, a central courtyard can be found inside, which was later reduced to an airwell when space became more precious (figure 6). It was built to cool the building before the air-conditioning was invented. Courtyards were typically for residence all over China especially in the less densely populated areas of the north where they were located at the central of the layout, which often surrounded by high walls. Besides, a lane was also allocated at the back of the shophouse as a sanitary lane. It is a space found in between two rows of shophouses that faced back to back. This lane allows bullock carts to collect night soil as well as for safety purpose, for example, allow access for a fire truck when required. Figure 4: Displaying their products at the five-foot way Figure 5: Ground floor of the shophouses has no front walls Figure 6: Airwell found in one of the shophouse 2. 3 Foreign architecture and design influence There are five types of shophouses, Traditional, Neoclassical, Dutch Patrician, Art Deco and Modern. There are three principal varieties of shop houses during 1930’s to 1940’s which are Utilitarian design is made by simple wooden shutters and a minimum of decorations. While the Neoclassical design had elaborate the Greek and Roman columns and arnately decorate the Greek and Roman columns and arnately decorated window frames, pediments, paraprets and cornices. However Art Deco is the simplest design which only use simplified lines and geometrical patterns to decorate. You read "China Town" in category "Papers" The Noeclassical style can by recognised by a Grecian pediment (figure 7) , columns (figure 8) and moulded plasters swags decorated the facade. Besides, some of the Neoclassical style include a parapet and the top of the building and ornate window frames. Different from the Neoclassical, Dutch Patrician design as a Dutch-inspired gable was adopted for the front facade of the shop houses. Figure 7: Neoclassical pediment Figure 8: Original style Neoclassical column Art Deco was started during 1930’s. The design only contain geometrical shapes and simplified lines were departure from the 1920’s style. The ground floor and windows are not original. This is because it is from traditional vernacular and Western Neoclassical styles to Early Modernism and International style. Art Deco style had marked the transition from traditional vernacular and Western Neoclassical styles to Early Modernism and International style. 3. 0 Analysis 3. 1 Compare and contrast between Kuala Lumpur’s Chinatown shophouses to the original foreign Neoclassical styles Figure 3. 1. 1: High ceiling found in Petaling Street shophouses(left) and St. George Hall, London(right). One of the special feature in Neoclassical architecture is high ceiling. High ceilings (Figure 3. . 1), tend to help to ventilate the air in the building through convection process, where the hot air rises and cool air sinks, as a result, the house will be cooling. The shophouses these days have a standard height of 8 metres, where space had become more precious besides saving cost. Figure 3. 1. 2: Petaling Street shophouses(left) and Rue De Rivoli, Paris(right) painted in white o r pastel colours. Apart from the high ceiling, Neoclassical buildings are often painted in white or pastel colours (Figure 3. 1. 2). White and pastel colours are bright and attracts people’s attention. Furthermore, these colours are poor conductor of heat, they helps to reflect more of the visible light spectrum, causing the particular building to be as cooling as posible. This may be the reason why the buildings in Neoclassical period painted in this series of colour. Figure 3. 1. 3: Petaling Street shophouses(left) and Arc De Thriump, Paris(right) with parapet on the top. Parapet (Figure 3. 1. 3) is a wall-like structure at the edge of a roof, which served as a fire wall, that prevents the flames from coming up to the exterior of the building, igniting the roofing membrane. In addition, it also modifieds the wind flow over the roof so that the pressure exerted is distributed evenly to prevent it from collapsing. Figure 3. 1. 4: Petaling Street shophouses(left) and Madeleine Church, Paris(right) with pediment. A pediment is a classical architectural element which consist of the triangular section found on top of a building, supported by the columns. It is founded in the classical Greek temples, Renaissance, and Neoclassical architecture. The pediment of Madeleine Church, Paris is filled with relief sculptures while the one found in Petaling Street shophouses are filled with floral sculptures (Figure 3. . 4). Figure 3. 1. 5: Petaling Street shophouses(left) and New York City Hall(right) columns. A column is an upright pillar which supports a beam or a roof, sometimes it might just simple for decoration purposes. There are 3 types of columns which is doric (oldest and simplest of classical orders), ionic (more complex than doric, with a scroll on top) and corinthian (with most ornate). Ionic order is found in the Petaling Street shophouses, while New York City Hall contained the doric order (Figure 3. 1. 5). Figure 3. 1. 6: Petaling Street shophouses(left) and New York City Hall(right) are symmetrical. Symmetry and balance are the most pedominat characteristic of Neoclassical buildings. This feature is recognizable easily as the left and the right portion of the building is the same to maintain the balance of the building so that it does not fall (Figure 3. 1. 6). 3. 2 Compare and contrast between Kuala Lumpur’s Chinatown shophouses to the original foreign Art Deco styles Figure 3. 2. 1: Petaling Street shophouses(left) and Caisse Nationale d’Economie, Monteal (right) with flag pole. Concrete flagpoles are one of the common feature of Art Deco buildings (Figure 3. 2. 1). The flagpoles are stretched from the top of the building with bands or motif sculptured at the base of the poles as if it is attached to the wall of facade. Figure 3. 2. 2: Petaling Street shophouses column(left) and Patel’s Building, Durban’s column(right). On the other hand, Petaling Street shophouses and Patel’s Building (Figure 3. 2. 2) both have geometrical shapes running down the column, which is also a common feature of Art Deco architecture. Nonetheless, Petaling Street’s column has a mixture of both Art Deco and Neoclassical styles as on top of it’s column, since there’s some swirls on it which belonged to Ionic order. Figure 3. 2. 3: Petaling Street shophouses(left) and Caisse Nationale d’Economie, Monteal’s (right) mouldings. Furthermore, plaster moulding is another characteristic of Art Deco architecture. Shanghai plaster is commonly used as it provides the same visual effect as stone and it’s a cheaper building material. This finished plaster was usually left in it’s original colour, sometimes painted in the pastel colour of the era. The fine vertical lines plaster moulding at Petaling Street shophouses and Caisse Nationale d’Economie, Monteal are easily recognizable (Figure 3. 2. 3). Figure 3. 2. : Petaling Street shophouses(left) and Thorp Coffee House(right) stated the year it was built. To the contrary, Art Deco buildings usually state the year that it was built on the top of the building. For example, the particular Shophouse in Petaling Street was built in the year 1910, therefore, the figure 1910 is placed on the top of the building as well as for Thorp Coffee House (Figure 3. 2. 4). Figure 3. 2. 5: Petaling Street shophouses(left) and Louis Hay’s Office(right) with air vents. Lastly, Art Deco buildings have horizontal air vents usually located above the windows (Figure 3. 2. 5). The air vent is placed above the window to cool down the interior of the building as hot air are less dense and rises up, thus, escaping through the air vents. 4. 0 Conclusion Through compare and contrast of the different style of the shop houses, we able find out that the different style of the shop houses was influence by different background. From the 18th century until now we can see that the style of the Chinese shop houses change according to the place the shop houses was built. Beside that, the structure of the shop houses also depends to the need of the owner and the period of time those shop houses was built. How to cite China Town, Papers

Cults in Nigeria free essay sample

The organization is dedicated to humanitarian and charitable endeavourers within Nigeria and whatever society the members find themselves. The Pirates Creed The Piratical aims of fighting all social ills and conformist degradation within and outside our midst stand supreme. These are translated into the creed which is supposed to act as a guide to our acts and thoughts and to the solutions to dilemmas that may face us in making choices in life.There are four compass points whose function is to give us founding principles upon which to direct our lives. ; Against Convention ; Against Tribalism ; For Humanistic Ideals ; For Comradeship and Calvary Certain psychological themes which recur in these various historical contexts also arise in the study of cults. Cults can be identified by three characteristics: 1. A charismatic leader who increasingly becomes an object of worship as the general principles that may have originally sustained the group lose their power; 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Cults in Nigeria or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A process call coercive persuasion or thought reform; 3. Anomic, sexual, and other exploitation of group members by the leader and the ruling coterie. Milieu Control The first method characteristically used by ideological totality is milieu control: the control of all communication within a given environment In such an environment individual autonomy becomes a threat to the group. There is an attempt to manage an individuals inner communication. Milieu control is maintained and expressed by intense group process, continuous psychological pressure, and isolation by geographical distance, unavailability of transportation, or even physical restraint. Often the group creates an increasingly intense sequence of events such as seminars, lectures and encounters which makes leaving extremely difficult, both physically and psychologically. Intense milieu control can contribute to a dramatic change of identity which I call doubling: the formation of a second self which lives side by side with the former one, often for a considerable time. When the milieu control is lifted, elements of the earlier self may be reasserted. Creating a Pawn A second characteristic of totalistic environments is mystical manipulation or planned spontaneity.This is a systematic process through which the dervish can create in cult members what I call the psychology of the pawn. The process is managed so that it appears to arise spontaneously; to its objects it rarely feels like manipulation. Religious techniques such as fasting chanting and limited sleep are used. Manipulation may take on a special intense quality in a cult for which a particular chosen human being is the only source of salvation. The person of the leader may attract members to the cult, but can also be a source of disillusionment.If members of the Unification Church, for example, come to believe that Sun Unsung Moon, its founder, is associated with the Korean Central Intelligence Agency, they may lose their faith. Mystical manipulation may also legitimate deception of outsiders, as in the heavenly deception of the Unification Church and analogous practices in other cult environments. Anyone who has not seen the light and therefore lives in the realm of evil can be justifiably deceived for a higher purpose.For instance, collectors of funds may be advised to deny their affiliation with a cult that has a dubious public reputation. Purity and Confession Two other features of totality are a demand for purity and a cult of confession. The demand for purity is a call for radical separation of good and evil within the environment and within oneself. Purification is a continuing process, often institutionalized in the cult of confession, which enforces conformity through guilt and shame evoked by mutual criticism and self- criticism in small groups.Confessions contain varying mixtures of revelation and concealment. As Albert Scams observed, Authors of confessions write especially to avoid confession, to tell nothing of what they know. Young cult members confessing the sins of their prelatic lives may leave out ideas and linings that they are not aware of or reluctant to discuss, including a continuing identification with their prior existence. Repetitious confession, especially in required meetings, often expresses an arrogance in the name of humility.As Scams wrote: l practice the profession of penitence to be able to end up as a judge, and, The more I accuse myself, the more I have a right to judge you. Three further aspects of ideological totality are sacred science, loading of the language, and the principle of doctrine over person Sacred science is important because a claim of being scientific is often needed to main plausibility and influence in the modern age. The Unification Church is one example of a contemporary tendency to combine dogmatic religious principles with a claim to special scientific knowledge of human behavior and psychology.The term loading the language refers to literalism and a tendency to deify words or images. A simplified, cliche-ridden language can exert enormous psychological force reducing every issue in a complicated life to a single set of slogans that are said to embody the truth as a totality. The principle of doctrine over person is invoked when cult members sense a inflict between what they are experiencing and what dogma says they should experience. The internalized message of the totalistic environment is that one must negate that personal exp erience on behalf of the truth of the dogma.Contradictions become associated with guilt: doubt indicates ones own deficiency or evil. Perhaps the most significant characteristic of totalistic movements is what I call dispensing of existence. Those who have not seen the light and embraced the truth are wedded to evil, tainted, and therefore in some sense, usually metaphorical, lack the right to exist. That is one reason why a cult member threatened with being cast into outer darkness may experience a fear of extinction or collapse. Ender particularly malignant conditions, the dispensing of existence is taken literally; in the Soviet Union, Nazi Germany, and elsewhere, people were put to death for alleged doctrinal shortcomings. In the Peoples Temple mass suicide-murder in Guyana, a cult leader presided over the literal dispensing of existence by means of a suicidal mystique he himself had made a central theme in the groups ideology. The totalistic impulse to draw a sharp line between those who have the right to eve and those who do not is especially dangerous in the nuclear age.Historical Context Totality should a lways be considered within a specific historical context. A significant feature of contemporary life is the historical (or psycho historical) dislocation resulting from a loss of the gym folic structures that organize ritual transitions in the life cycle, and a decay of belief systems concerning religion, authority, marriage, family, and death. One function of cults is to provide a group initiation rite for the transition to early adult life, and the formation of an adult identity outside the family.Cult members have good reasons for eyeing attempts by the larger culture to make such provisions as hypocritical or confused. In providing substitute symbols for young people, cults are both radical and reactionary. They are radical because they suggest rude questions about middle-class family life and American political and religious values in general. They are reactionary because they revive performed structures of authority and sometimes establish fascist patterns of internal organization.Furthermore, in their assault on autonomy and self-de finition some cults reject a liberating historical process that has evolved with great struggle and main in the West since the Renaissance. (Cults must be considered individually in making such judgments. Historical dislocation is one source of what I call the protean style. This involves a continuous psychological experimentation with the self, a capacity for endorsing contradictory ideas at the same time, and a tendency to change ones ideas, companions and way of life with relative ease.Cults embody a contrary restricted style, a flight from experimentation and the confusion of a protean world. These contraries are related: groups and individuals can embrace a protean and a restricted style n turn. For instance, the so-called hippie ethos of the sass and sass has been replaced by the present so-called Yuppie preoccupation with safe jobs and comfortable incomes. For some people, experimentation with a cult is part of the protean search. The imagery of extinction derived from the con temporary threat of nuclear war influences patterns of totality and fundamentalism throughout the world.Nuclear war threatens human continuity itself and impairs the symbols of immortality. Cults seize upon this threat to provide amortizing principles of their own. The cult environment plies a continuous opportunity for the experience Of transcendence a mode of symbolic immortality generally suppressed in advanced industrial society. Role of Psychology Cults raise serious psychological concerns, and there is a place for psychologists and psychiatrists in understanding and treating cult members. But our powers as mental health professionals are limited, so we should exercise restraint.When helping a young person confused about a cult situation, it is important to maintain a personal therapeutic contract so that one is not working for the cult or for the parents. Totality begets totality. What is called deprogramming includes a continuum from intense dialogue on the one hand to physical coercion and kidnapping, with thought-reform-like techniques, on the other. My own position, which I have repeatedly conveyed to parents and others who consult me, is to oppose coercion at either end of the cult process. Cults are primarily a social and cultural rather than a psychiatric or legal problem.But psychological professionals can make important contributions to the public education crucial for dealing with the problem. With greater knowledge about them, people are less susceptible to exception, and for that reason some cults have been finding it more difficult to recruit members. Yet painful moral dilemmas remain. When laws are violated through fraud or specific harm to recruits, legal intervention is clearly indicated. But what about situations in which behavior is virtually automated, language reduced to rote and cliche, yet the cult member expresses a certain satisfaction or even happiness?We must continue to seek ways to encourage a social commitment to individual autonomy and avoid coercion and violence. N destructive cults, members are manipulated and exploited, they may distance themselves from their family and friends and even leave their careers to work in the cult, often for little or no pay. Their own beliefs and values have been changed to those of the group, and they identify with the group and the leader. They suffer psychological and emotional abuse, and there may be physical or sexual abuse.And very often, at the same time, they believe that theyve never been happier in their lives. Such is the power of mind control! Usually there is an elitist mentality because they have acce ss to information or their leader in a way that outsiders do not. They become very defensive of their leader and in a way their identity and their well-being becomes linked the well-being of the leader. Hence, they will usually be very quick to defend him/her, often aggressively! In the most obvious cases, family and friends notice that there has been a significant change since the person joined the group.A change in their beliefs, attitudes, behaviors and values. They often say its like dealing with a different person. IMPACT ON SOCIETY When we think about cults in this way, it is obvious that they are detrimental to society in many ways. Nowadays, young and old alike are susceptible to eyeing recruited. When people think about cults they do not often consider older people, but nowadays old people are targets because they have money, and may be extremely vulnerable, for example, they find themselves living alone after the recent death of their spouse. When and if members manage to leave, they may need an extensive period of recuperation before they can integrate themselves usefully into society again. Some cults are so large that they have extraordinary (and frightening! )influence in the media, in politics, and in lawmaking. They may dominate whole communities. Some cults are violent, leading to suicides and murders. Destructive cults thrive on conspiracy and fraud, and the legal system is often ill-equipped to deal with them.Cults deny people their freedom. They take away their possessions. Frequently there is sexual abuse. Its possible that many mentally ill people have been in cults, and dont know it. The symptoms they have after leaving a cult are interpreted as mental illness (yes, post-cult symptoms can be that severe! ) And they are treated as such, instead of getting the advice and counseling from experts who understand their situation, and can actually help them to undo the harmful effects of cult mind control.

The History of Greece Essay Example For Students

The History of Greece Essay The two most dominating city-states in Greece of their time, Athens and Sparta, were great rivals with two very different ways of life. Spartas overbearing military and Athens impartial justice system and government are models for many modern day countries. Even though these two city-states differ greatly from one another, they share many characteristics of their country and their time period. Athens and Sparta were the two most powerful Greek territories of their time. Like most cities of the same country, they have the same Greek culture, worshipping the same Greek gods and speaking Greek. Like all Greeks, their people loved to talk and tell stories. Although they fought against each other, their citizens equally had great amounts of pride for their entire country as well as their city-states. The two rivals were both devoted mainly to agriculture and based their wealth, but not their success, on agriculture. Both also participated in the annual Olympics, an ancient Greek national athletic competition which is now a worldwide tradition. These to Greek city-states were the most feared city-states in all of Greece. We will write a custom essay on The History of Greece specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Though Athens and Sparta were similar, they were also very different. Athens was the first democracy, and it was also the first to govern with trial by jury. Athens main accomplishment was that it had a very strong Navy. It was the command of the sea and the head of the Naval Alliance, or the Delian League. Athens was the most feared city-state to fight at sea. Its other achievements were that is had excellent forms of art, architecture, drama and literature, philosophy, science, and medicine. It was very wealthy and had beautiful, extravagant temples. The boys of Athens went to school between the ages of five and eighteen, where they learned reading, writing, mathematics, music, poetry, sports and gymnastics. The girls stayed at home and learned spinning, weaving and domestic arts. Athens had well educated men, a good sense of art, and an all-powerful navy. Sparta developed the most powerful military oligarchy of their time. They had a very strong army and were the most feared city-state to fight on land. Sparta was a member of the Peloponnesian League and was the most powerful people in it. Its excellent military conquered many territories, which they controlled with slaves. Spartas sole achievement, other than military supremacy, was that its people possessed a simple life style, with no care for the arts of Athens. When Spartan boys turned seven years old they began training for the military, and they ceased their training at the age of twenty. There was much more gender equality in Sparta than in Athens, and girls went to school where they learned reading, writing, athletics, gymnastics, and survival skills, and they could even join the military. Sparta was militarily supreme over Athens, and it also supported better equality and simplicity of life. Sparta and Athens contrasted greatly in military, art, education, government, and in many other areas. The few similarities they had were mainly based on their countrys rituals and traditions. These rituals and traditions are what the modern world remembers of the Greek culture.

Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program Case Study

Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program Case Study Free Online Research Papers Part I. Introduction The economy in today’s society is in an unstable position. The costs of living, including energy bills are increasingly expensive. The heavy impact of economic hardships has trickled down into the low-family income bracket. The increase in gas and electric bills are significantly affecting low-income families in the District of Columbia. To mention, D.C. has the highest rate of child poverty in the nation. The percentage of African-American D.C. children living in poor families was 62%.2; more than half of D.C.s children live in low-income households. However, families in poverty and the increase in gas prices is a new problem. This crisis derived many years ago, but it is a continuing issue that led to a many legislative acts and the creation of a energy assistance program. Enabling Legislation For the most part, industrialized economies relied on crude oil, and OPEC was their predominant supplier. The Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program was established as a result of the increase in oil prices resulting from the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) oil embargo in 1973. In detail, the 1973 oil crisis started in October 1973, when members of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC), consisting of the Arab members of OPEC, plus Egypt and Syria proclaimed and oil embargo â€Å"in response to the U.S. decision to re-supply the Israeli military† during the Yom Kippur war which lasted until 1974. OAPEC declared it would limit or stop oil shipments to the United States and other countries if they supported Israel in the conflict. To address these developments, the Nixon Administration began parallel negotiations with both Arab oil producers to end the embargo, and with Egypt, Syria, and Israel to arrange an Israeli troop withdrawal fr om the Sinai and the Golan Heights after the fighting stopped. By January 18, 1974, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger had negotiated an Israeli troop withdrawal from parts of the Sinai. The promise of a negotiated settlement between Israel and Syria was sufficient to convince Arab oil producers to lift the embargo in March 1974. By May, Israel agreed to withdraw from the Golan Heights. Independently, the OPEC members agreed to use their leverage over the world price-setting mechanism for oil to stabilize their real incomes by raising world oil prices. The action followed several years of steep income declines after the recent failure of negotiations with major western oil companies earlier in the month. Figure 1: The fluctuation in oil prices through the years (wikipedia.org) Legislative History The mid-to-late -1970’s, a time marked by rapidly rising fuel prices, also marked the beginning of federal energy assistance funding for low income households. The first national program to help low-income households was created in early 1975 to assist families with energy conservation primarily through home weatherization. This assistance was provided through a new Emergency Energy Conservation Program (EECP), enacted as part of the head start, Economic Opportunity, and Community Partnership Act of 1974. The funds were administered by the Community Services Administration (CSA), the successor agency to the Office of Economic Opportunity, which was responsible for many of the programs created as part of the 1964 war on poverty. Beginning in 1977, funds were also made available through the CSA to help families directly pay for fuel. Congress continued to appropriate funds for energy assistance programs through FY 1980, at which point a new program, the Low Income Energy Assi stance Program (LIHEAP) was enacted as part of the Crude Oil Windfall Profits Tax Act of 1980. The program was introduced in the Senate as the Home Energy Assistance Act, the bill that would become the Crude Oil Windfall Profits Tax Act. LIHEAP allocated funds to states in order to help low income households pay their home energy cost (www.neada.org.) The LIHEAP statute provides for two types of program funding: regular funds sometimes referred to as block grant funds - and emergency contingency funds. Regular funds are allotted to states on the basis of the LIHEAP statutory formula, which was enacted as part of the Human Services Reauthorization Act of 1984. LEGAL CITATIONS FOR ENERGY ASSISTANCE PROGRAM ADMINISTERED AT THE FEDERAL LEVEL BY THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES STATTUTE AND DATE OF ENACTMNENT PUBLIC LAW TITLE CITATION FISCAL YEAR AUTHORIZED PROGRAM NAME Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations for Fiscal Year 198011/27/79 96-126 N/A Supplemental Energy Allowance Program for the Low Income Population 1980 Energy Assistance Program (EAP) Crude Oil Windfall Profit Tax Act of 19804/2/80 96-223 III Home Energy Assistance Act of 1980 1981 Low Income Energy Assistance Program (LIEAP) Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 (OBRA)8/13/81 97-35 XXVI Low Income Home Energy Assistance Act of 1981 1982-1984 Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP) Human Services Reauthorization Act of 1984 (HSRA)10/30/84 98-558 VI Low Income Home Energy Assistance Act of 1981, as amended 1985-1986 LIHEAP Human Services Reauthorization Act of 1986 (HSRA)9/30/86 99-425 V Low Income Home Energy Assistance Act of 1981, as amended 1987-1990 LIHEAP Augustus F. Hawkins Human Services Reauthorization Act of 1990 (HSRA)11/3/90 101-501 VII Low Income Home Energy Assistance Act of 1981, as amended 1991-1994 LIHEAP National Institutes of Health Revitalization Act of 19936/10/93 103-43 XX Low Income Home Energy Assistance Act of 1981, as amended 1995 LIHEAP Human Services Amendments of 19945/18/94 103-252 III Low Income Home Energy Assistance Act of 1981, as amended 1995-1999 LIHEAP Coats Human Services Reauthorization Act of 199810/27/98 105-285 III Low Income Home Energy Assistance Act of 1981, as amended 2000-2004 LIHEAP Energy Policy Act of 200508/08/05 Low Income Home Energy Assistance Act of 1981, as amended 2005-2007 LIHEAP Mission Statement The mission of the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program is to assist low income house- holds, particularly those with the lowest incomes that pay a high proportion of household income for home energy, primarily in meeting their immediate home energy needs. Objectives U.S Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Administration for children and Families, Office of Community Services, Division of Energy Assistance LIHEAP is a federally funded block grant program that is implemented at the State, Tribal, and Insular Area levels. Grantees serve from low income households who seek assistance for their home energy bills. LIHEAP has been operating since 1982 and its purpose is: to assist low-income households, particularly those with the lowest incomes, that pay a high proportion of household income for home energy, primarily in meeting their immediate home energy needs. The program encourages priority be given to those with the â€Å"highest home energy needs†, meaning low income households with a high energy burden and/or the presence of a â€Å"vulnerable† individual in the household, such as a young child, disabled person, or frail older individual. Some forms of assistance available to low income households through state LIHEAP programs include: financial assistance towards a household’s energy bill, emergency assistance if a household’s home energy service is shut off or about to be shut off, and a range of other energy-related services that States may choose to offer, such as weatherization improvements, utility equipment repair and replacement, and budgeting counseling. LIHEAP grantees, i.e., States, Tribes and Insular Area governments, receive block grant funding from the Administration for Children and Families to run their LIHEAP programs. Additionally, LIHEAP grantees may receive separate contingency funds, which are released at the Presidents discretion to supplement needs in areas during times of energy emergencies, such as extreme weather or high fuel prices. State grantees may also apply for additional Federal funds through the optional LIHEAP leveraging program where the federal government provides funds to grantees that leverage their Federal LIHEAP funds with non-Federal energy assistance resources. Each year LIHEAP also awards a limited amount of funds under the REACH program to grantees that provide innovative plans through local community-based agencies to help LIHEAP-eligible households reduce their energy vulnerability and minimize health and safety risks from inadequate home temperatures. (www.acf.hhs.gov) LIHEAP remains dependent on federal appropriations process for its funding, which means the amount granted to the program varies from year to year. Federal funds for LIHEAP have fluctuated from a high of 2.1 billion in FY 1985 to a low of 1.0 billion in FY 1997. In FY 2006, Congress appropriated 2 billion for LIHEAP, however President Bush approved an additional $1 billion ($500 million in regular program funds and 500 million as emergency contingency funds), bringing the total funding up to 3 billion. In June of 2006, the House Appropriations Committee voted to cut LIHEAP funding by one third, returning LIHEAP’s funding to the 2 billion levels. It remains to be seen whether the Senate will accept the proposed cuts. Source: LIHEAP Report to Congress for FY 2000, Table 2 Even with the relatively high funding level for FY 2006, LIHEAP program directors faced an ongoing crisis. According to the US Department of Health and Human Services, between 1981 and FY 2000, the number of federally eligible households rose over 49 percent; however, federal fuel assistance funds rose only 22 percent. As a consequence, the percentage of federally eligible households receiving LIHEAP assistance has declined sharply, from 36 percent in 1981 to 20 percent in FY 2000. [1] The funds allotted to states cannot meet growing needs for heating and cooling assistance. The total number of recipient households has declined from 7.1 million in 1981 to 3.9 million in 2000, as states have had to restrict eligibility to the neediest of the needy. Despite the additional $1 billion appropriated for FY 2006, only 15 percent of households that were eligible received LIHEAP assistance. Source: LIHEAP Home Energy Notebook for FY 2001, page 26, figure 3-20 The residential energy burden (including heating, cooling and all other energy uses in the home) for all U.S. households in 2001 was $1,537 per household, or 7.0 percent of income. For LIHEAP recipient households, the respective figures are $1,301 and 17.2 percent, nearly two and one half times the average burden. At this level, many poor and elderly, including households with children, are forced to choose between heating their homes and purchasing food and/or important medications. Increasingly, the energy markets at the wholesale level have been deregulated and behave now like other commodity markets where price volatility exists. But price volatility adversely affects the poor, because they enter the market at the highest times of demand. Low-income consumers generally do not have the disposable income to purchase fuels off-season at lower costs. Thus, while energy prices have remained fairly stable on an annualized basis, seasonal price spikes have had terrible effects on the poor (www.liheap.org.) Clientele/ Special Interest Groups The clientele for LIHEAP are vulnerable individuals in households, such as a young child, disabled persons, or frail older individuals. TANF recipients- The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Low Income recipients Disability recipients LIHEAP has proven to have successful relationships between the government, businesses, gas and electric utilities and community-based social service organizations. The Public Service Commission requires Potomac Electric Power Company (PEPCO), and Washington Gas to offer discount rates to low-income residential customers. Their special interest groups and networks are listed below: Change Incorporation- offer emergency rent, mortgage, and utility assistance to residents in Ward 1 Columbia Heights Shaw Family Collaborative- strives to build neighborhood-based systems that strengthens and nurtures families and keeps children, youth, and families safe from abuse; provides emergency assistance Community Council for the Homeless at Friendship Place- provides FEMA emergency rent and utilities in Ward 3 Intergovernmental Relations LIHEAP intermingles with governmental agencies at various levels of government. First, the LIHEAP program is an in sync with their state government and federal government. This program is regional and located in Boston, Dallas, New York, Kansa City, Philadelphia, Denver, Atlanta, San Francisco, Chicago and Seattle. There are also many federal agencies collaborating with the low income home energy assistance program on a federal and state level. FEDERAL AGENCIES Department of Energy o Energy Hog Energy Efficiency Campaign o Low Income weatherization Program o Monthly Energy Review o Residential natural Gas Customer Choice Programs o Short-Term Energy Outlook Department of Health and Urban Development Federal Emergency Management Control and Prevention Federal Energy Regulatory Commission NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Alliance To Save Energy American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy Part II. PROGRAM MANAGEMENT Introduction There are different strategies organizations use to deal with business of managing a program. Moreover, program management is the process of managing several projects, often with the intention of improving an organizations performance based on planning, organizing, staffing, directing, budgeting, controlling, and evaluation. Managing an effective and efficient program means that leadership acknowledges the daily operations and implements order to maintain and organization. Briefly, on December 5, 2009, I meet with Mr. William Vazquez, Chief of the Low Energy Assistance program regarding managing this program. He was very resourceful and disseminated information. This section of the paper entails the structure of the how LIHEAP operates in terms of providing quality services to the public. Planning When planning for a new fiscal year, a detailed plan is submitted to the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). This plan includes the District of Columbia’s code that designates Administration for Children and Families as the agency to administer the Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP) for the District of Columbia and present information based on Assurance, Certification to the Assurances, Components Operated Under LIHEAP, Use of funds, Alternate Use of Crisis Assistance Funds Eligibility, Outreach Activities, Coordination and Benefit Levels: Equal Treatment and Determination of Benefits. This will provide in depth information for the Office of Budget management to distribute a sufficient amount of dollars in order to service as many individuals in need. The Governor of DC has delegated authority to make the assurances and certifications required as part of the LIHEAP application to the Executive Director of the DC Department of Health and Human Services. The detailed plan for future funding entails planning and administering of funds under the titled amount not to exceed 10 percent of the funds payable to such state under the title for the fiscal year. Also the state will pay from non-federal sources the remaining costs of planning of the program. So in the beginning of the fiscal year , LIHEAP provides such services at the local level, outreach and intake functions for crisis situations and heating and cooling assistance that is administered by additional State and local governmental entities or community-based organizations (such as community action agencies, area agencies on aging and not-for-profit neighborhood-based organizations), and in States where such organizations do not administer functions as of September 30, 1991, preference in awarding grants or contracts for intake services shall be provided to those agencies that administer the low-income weatherization or energy crisis intervention programs. However, LIHEAP plans to provide services that encourage and enable households to reduce their home energy needs and thereby the need for energy assistance, including needs assessments, counseling, and assistance with energy vendors, and report to the Secretary concerning the impact of such activities on the number of households served, the level of direct benefits provided to those households, and the number of households that remain unserved. The federal government strategically plans and set guidelines for the program. In planning for worst case scenarios and state emergencies, management combines different approaches, urban and regional, crisis management and rational Organizing and Leadership LIHEAP use a cross-functional team approach; employees from various departments meet as a team and resolve problems regarding civilians in need of energy assistance. The division maintains organization by using a matrix system. What helps distinguish who is eligible for the program is the guidelines. Cutomers’ information is in a particular database for tracking. Quarterly, data is retrieved from the system to calculate for future statistics and to maintain order. Leadership in the department comes from Keith Anderson, Director of Energy, following the chief of each division. Mr. Anderson gives directions to the chiefs and they implement each task throughout each division. Below is LIHEAP organizational chart. Organizational Structure of LIHEAP and Public Health Service Director of Energy Mr. Keith Anderson Chief of LIHEAP Mr. William Vazquez Chief of SEU Ms. Teresa Lawrence CAC Ward One ________________________________________ COC Ward Two ________________________________________ CAC Ward Three ________________________________________ CAC Ward Four ________________________________________ CAC Ward Five ________________________________________CAC Ward Six ________________________________________CAC Ward Seven ________________________________________ Chief of Weatherization Menda Richardson Intake workers(15) ________________________________________Staff Assistant Mr. Keith Anderson- Has a strong background in Finance and was recently promoted from chief of LIHEAP to the Director of Energy. Mr. William Vazquez- is responsible for proving low-income families with energy assistance o Intake workers- checks the eligibility of customers using a matrix system Mrs. Teresa Lawrence- is responsible for the sustainable energy utility programs Mrs. Menda Richardson- is the responsible for home visits and weatherize those in need Leadership Mr. Anderson, Director of Department of Energy sets realistic standards, encouraging efficient, productive performance, sets direction, organizes, encourages, inspires, and motivates others to do what needs to be done for the benefit of the department and overall institution. Also he is assertive and self confident in a tactful and positive manner in the discharge of his responsibilities. LIHEAP reinvents its organizational chart less frequent then other organization. They have a great over turn rate. Majority of employees remain with this division for a numerous years and some exceed 15 to 20 years; it varies. Staffing and Personnel Employers understand their requirements for hiring new employees. Specifically, LIHEAP want employees to know and understand the responsibilities for the specific job. Next, the position is advertised, current employees are entitled to apply, resumes are screen, candidates are interviewed, and candidates are selected based on the criteria. Majority of LIHEAP staff are civilians. During the hiring process, human resource management and superiors look for specific qualities. Mainly, employees are hired based on competency of computer skills, they are also trained and must sustain a level of sufficient experience they must be competent, and computer literate. In taker’s job description entails using the matrix system that is software on the computer. Potential candidates must rank high in the personality dimension and emotional intelligence section. After employed, management take approaches to motivate and promote growth within the organization. They monitor employee performanc e, appraise mid-year performance, determine the outcomes of performance ratings, reward excellence, determine how to manage poor performance and keep records. Budget, Control, Evaluations The U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations began the process of working on the spending guidelines for the federal government for fiscal year 2010, which begins on October 1, 2009. The Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education and Related Agencies marked up the appropriations bill in its jurisdiction on July 10. The Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP) has received a funding level of $5.1 billion, the maximum allocation allowed by law and the same level of funding with which the program operated in FY 2009. The basic grant would receive $4.5 billion, and $590.3 million would be available in emergency contingency funds. The basic grant would be allocated as follows: $3.669 billion would be allocated under the Tier 1 part of the formula and $839.9 million by the Tier 2 and Tier 3 parts. Like FY 2009, the program will continue to allow states to use an eligibility ceiling of 75% of state median income; however, unlike FY 2009, the funds will not be required to be completely distributed 30 days after enactment of the bill. On July 17, the Committee on Appropriations held a markup and adopted the legislation. The legislation, with the LIHEAP provisions included, then passed out of the House on July 24, and was sent to the Senate. In the Senate, the legislation passed out of the Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education Appropriations Subcommittee on July 28, and then out of the Appropriations Committee on July 30 with the same LIHEAP provisions as in the House version. The legislation will be taken up by the Senate as a whole in September. Although the House of Representatives succeeded in passing the Labor, HHS and Education appropriations bill, as well as the other 11 spending bills, before the August recess, the Senate has only passed four bills. Due to the remaining amount of work, it is expected that a stop-gap spending bill will be introduced when Congress returns from the August recess to ensure that the federal government runs passed the September 30, 2009 deadline. It is unsure as to how long an initial Continuing Resolution will last, or how many will be required. There is also a possibility of an omnibus spending bill if the Senate is unable to complete its work or if there are complications in any conferences that may need to be held between the two chambers of Congress on any of the bills. A breakout chart provided by the National Energy Assistance Directors Association (NEADA) that states how the grant money would be distributed to the states based on the House legislation can be found at neada.org/appropriations/2009-08-05-FY10AppropriationStatus.pdf. FY 2009 was the first year that the LIHEAP program was funded at its full appropriations level. Due to the level of allocated funds, LIHEAP was not a beneficiary of the stimulus bill at the beginning of the year. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act did not include additional funds for LIHEAP; instead, Congress decided that this program would be best served through the traditional appropriations process. The program is evaluated by contractors and subordinates are evaluated quarterly and yearly on performance. Human resources developed a new computerized system especially for evaluations. The E system measure the performance of intake processes. After assuring that performance elements and standards are understandable and fair employees and supervisors will sign the Position Description and Performance Plan Certification of the PMR. The approving supervisor, who is generally a level above the immediate supervisor, signs stating that the Position Description and Performance is accurate. Employees are monitored in a variety of ways by holding periodic meetings to be updated on employee progress. Within 30 days of the mid-point of the performance cycle, the supervisor must initial a formal, face-to face progress review with each employee. Conclusion The Low Energy Assistance Program is available is assist eligible low-income families with many barriers due to the increase in energy prices and there are executing the policy proficiently. Many citizens are being helped with expensive Pepco and Washington Gas utility bills. Now that many legislative acts have been passed, citizens that are mobile inclined and low-income recipients, some forms of assistance will remain available. Throughout each state, LIHEAP programs will include: financial assistance towards a household’s energy bill, emergency assistance if a household’s home energy service is shut off or about to be shut off and a range of other energy-related services that states may choose to offer, such as weatherization improvements, utility equipment repair and replacement, and budgeting counseling. Work Cited 1973 Oil Embargo. www.en.wikipedia.org. Http://www.wikimediafoundation.org/, 15 Oct. 2009. Web. 27 Oct. 2009. . Wolfe, Mark. LIHEAP Brief Issue. National Energy Assistance Directors Association, Nov. 2007. Web. Oct. 2009. . LIHEAP Summary. www.ach.hhs.gov. Low Energy Assistance Program, 27 Feb. 2008. Web. 25 Oct. 2009. . Vazquez, Willie, District Department of Environment; Energy Division, 12/4/2009 Research Papers on Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program Case StudyThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationDefinition of Export QuotasTwilight of the UAWInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Marketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeQuebec and CanadaBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self

Rhetorical Analysis of the Cinema I Shall Fight No More Forever Essay

Rhetorical Analysis of the Cinema I Shall Fight No More Forever - Essay Example Chief Joseph fudged and avoided his chasers for 90 days after travelling a very long errand until he eventually laid down his arm to General Nelson Miles following the total slaughter of his tribe from a five-day clash. After a long struggle, Chief Joseph decides to surrender and give a surrender speech. This surrender speech is extremely compelling, in spite of its shortness. With just a few number of words used, Chief Joseph was able to express the complete essence of a loss as likewise conveyed by the many Native peoples moved and dislocated from their abodes. He expresses ethos by the use of his modest reputation as one of the greatest leaders at the time; he epitomizes a man that is esteemed by the Native peoples. Chief Joseph's submission to General Miles signifies that incredible ability of words in demanding to ethos, pathos, and logos, his capability to enclose emotion in a group, and the correct identification of reason and audience. Chief Joseph causes the speech to become more compelling by recognizing all the varying age categories, making the in predicament influence every member of the tribe and making it a subject that menaces Native Americans all over the place. This ethos of the tribe as well as the arrangement and influence of a family likewise plays a significant part in the inclusion of pathos in his surrender speech. The movie appeals to the audience and encourages the youth to keep fighting and declaring the old people dead. Chief Joseph reminds his tribesmen that their interests and values must be protected especially for their native land. Chief Joseph uses these appeals in order to put more strength and power to his speech despite the brevity of time. He also employs descriptions of death of the other leaders to improve the essence of defeat in that these societies have lost the governance that managed every facet of their lives. Similarly, Chief Joseph utilizes the cold and deficiency of important ingredients to improve compassion to his tribe. The immobilizing cold and the dearth of blankets suggest the idea of seclusion and absence of energy and enthusiasm. The film employs various forms of language ranging from angry, sad, and confrontational. The language used is confrontational especially when Chief Joseph calls the youth to keep fighting for their interests. The language used is also sad. The unavoidable sense of defeat and misdirection is a very engulfing sensation that creates a sad language in the speech. The speech acknowledges the long struggle and the chase with people left homeless and with hunger. The sad language is still present in the film especially when Chief Joseph realizes that he has lost most of his tribesmen in the battle. The dialogue between the speaker and the audience is both logic and real. It appeals to the target audience and the feedback indicates that the message is reaching the intended audience. For example, Chief Joseph admits that he is tired and his heart is sick. Considerin g the shortness of the speech at 157 words in total, it definitely suggests the fact that he was already weary and exhausted. The phrase indicates the dialogue between the speaker and the audience. The narrator of the film is not biased in any form. The narrator presents both sides of the story and creating a balance that appeals to audience. The narrator appeals to the audience by creating suspense. The narrator has no hidden agenda that is likely to distract the audience and prevent them

Photosynthesis deep within ocean waters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Photosynthesis deep within ocean waters - Essay Example These little organisms find a way to live in such places by adjusting accordingly and are highly resistant. The existence of microbial life in deep sea was discovered ages ago. They have been sorted out into different categories depending upon their properties. The sea bed is a diverse environment which is rich in nutrients. The organic material settles down as sediments at the bottom which comes from dead plants and animals and it is a source of energy for microbial life. Therefore in these sites most particularly the sea floor where nutrients are present diverse microbial communities exists. There are micro organisms which can survive even in energy depleted conditions that is when no or limited amount of nutrients are present. Condition in deep sea is very critical as energy is most depleted there. It is difficult to understand how micro organisms survive in these conditions. (Feast and famine microbial life in the deep sea bed, 1 October 2007). Micro organisms can live in places where there is no light and an example of such place is deep sea. Sunlight cannot penetrate deep into the sea and the existence of microbial life in the dark zone of sea floor is yet to be understood. Researchers have dedicated their studies to explore life in the darkness of deep sea. Recent discovery of microbial communities in deep sea hot spring vents gives the idea that the earliest existence of life might have occurred in the deep sea in the absence of light. Before, this discovery it was assumed that light is necessary to survive as it is the primary source of energy but, now it is known that life that exists in deep sea vents survive on thermal and chemical energy provided by the vent which means that light is not necessary for survival. (Deep sea vent communities: Did life originate in the abyss?) Scientific studies reveals how organisms manage to survive in hydrothermal vents. When cold sea water mixes with the heat of hydrothermal vents it leads to the formation of organi c compounds which is a source of nutrient for the organisms. The presence of vents in oceans also helps in maintaining the temperature and chemical balance of oceans and is a source of many renewable resources. Hydrothermal circulation occurs when sea water penetrates deep into the ocean where it gets heated and then reacts with rocks and rises to the sea floor. This hydrothermal circulation plays an important role in removing and adding up different compounds and in this way maintains the composition of sea water. Hydrothermal circulation also helps in recycling the water of oceans through hydrothermal vents. (Deep sea vent communities: Did life originate in the abyss?) The environment of hydrothermal vents is harsh for survival of life. The pitch darkness of vents, poisonous gases, presence of heavy metals, extreme acidity and enormous pressure makes the existence of life almost impossible. Yet, microbial communities exist at hydrothermal vents. In deep sea there is no light and w hen there is no light the presence of solar energy is out of question. All forms of light require light directly or indirectly as a source of energy but, life in deep sea is light independent. In this case organisms use geothermal energy as their energy source to carry out their life sustaining processes. Such organisms use inorganic chemicals derived from rocks and from sea water where nutrient is abundantly available in soluble form and utilize CO2 as their sole source of carbon. (Jean, Windsor, Between a rock and a hard place,

Classifying Projects Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Classifying Projects - Assignment Example Another risk that is likely to come out both projects is that of lack of enough finance. The project might not have enough money to the end of the project. There is a need to take this issue into consideration. The highest risk of all the risks that have been stated above is that of time lapse risk that is associated with residential building project. There is a need to ensure that this risk is well managed so that the continuity of the project will not be affected (Harrison & Lock, 2004). The two projects will be both interesting and challenging to manage. The one project I would choose to manage is the second one. This is because it has a good timeframe for the completion. Time management is an important factor when managing a project. There is also a good time for preparation. This is because, unlike, the first project which is starting on 1st October, the second project will start on January 15. There is humble time for

Cognitive Approaches to Language and Grammar

Cognitive Approaches to Language and Grammar 1. Introduction of This Section Cognitive grammar is a cognitive approach to language developed by Ronald Langacker, which considers the basic units of language to be symbols or conventional pairings of a semantic structure with a phonological label. Grammar consists of constraints on how these units can be combined to generate larger phrases which are also a pairing of semantics and phonology. The semantic aspects are modeled as image schemas rather than propositions, and because of the tight binding with the label, each can invoke the other. Cognitive Grammar belongs to the wider movement known as cognitive linguistics, which in turn is part of the functional tradition. Besides cognitive grammar, important strands of cognitive linguistics include construction grammar, metaphor theory, the study of blends and mental spaces, and various efforts to develop a conceptualist semantics. Among other major components of functionalism are discourse-pragmatic analyses, the study of grammaticalization, and universal-typological investigation via crosslinguistic surveys. Naturally, terms like cognitive linguistics and functionalism are fluid in reference and subsume a diverse array of views. There is at best a broad compatibility of outlook among the scholars concerned, certainly not theoretical uniformity. Cognitive Linguistics grew out of the work of a number of researchers active in the 1970s who were interested in the relation of language and mind, and who did not follow the prevailing tendency to explain linguistic patterns by means of appeals to structural properties internal to and specific to language. Rather than attempting to segregate syntax from the rest of language in a syntactic component governed by a set of principles and elements specific to that component. The principal focus of functional linguistics is on explanatory principles that derive from language as a communicative system, whether or not these directly relate to the structure of the mind. Functional linguistics developed into discourse-functional linguistics and functional-typological linguistics, with slightly different foci, but broadly similar in aims to cognitive linguistics. Language is traditionally considered to open the gate into the world around us. However, language is viewed by cognitive linguistics as the product of cognition as well as a means of cognition, a means that helps reveal human beings mental world and secrets of cognitive processes. Language structure is the product of our interaction with the world around us. The way we build discourses and develop linguistic categories can immediately be derived from the way we experience our environment and use that experience in speciesspecific communication (Heine, 1997) . As its name implies, Cognitive Grammar is first and foremost a theory of grammar. Rather surprising, therefore, are statements to the effect that Langacker doesnt believe in grammar- everything is semantics. Rest assured that cognitive grammar neither threatens nor denies the existence of grammar. Grammar exists. The issue is rather the natureof grammar and its relation to other dimensions of linguistic structure. 1.1. What is Cognitive Grammar? Cognitive Grammar belongs to the wider movement known as cognitive linguistics, which in turn is part of the functional tradition. Besides Cognitive Grammar, important strands of cognitive linguistics include construction grammar, metaphor theory, the study of blends and mental spaces, and various efforts to develop a conceptualist semantics. Naturally, terms like cognitive linguistics and functionalism are fluid in reference and subsume a diverse array of views (Langacker, 2008). 1.2. What is about Cognitive Grammar in general? Language is part of cognition and that linguistic investigation contributes to understanding the human mind-that much is shared by many approaches, both formal and functional. Within functionalism, cognitive linguistics stands out by emphasizing the semiological function of language. It fully acknowledges the grounding of language in social interaction, but insists that even its interactive function is critically dependent on conceptualization. In this part, Ive considered cognitive grammar as an approach to explain the phenomena of languages. As for cognitive grammar in particular, care is taken to invoke only well-established or easily demonstrated mental abilities that are not exclusive to language. We are able, for example, to focus and shift attention, to track a moving object, to form and manipulate images, to compare two experiences, to establish correspondences, to combine simple elements into complex structures, to view a scene from different perspectives, to conceptualize a situation at varying levels of abstraction, and so on. Can general abilities like these fully account for the acquisition and the universal properties of language? Or are specifi c blueprints for language wired in and genetically transmitted? Cognitive Grammar does not prejudge this issue. We are evidently born to speak, so it is not precluded that language might emerge owing to substantial innate specification peculiar to it. But if our genetic endowment does make special provisions for language, they are likely to reside in adaptations of mo re basic cognitive phenomena, rather than being separate and sui generis. They would be analogous in this respect to the physical organs of speech. 2. Some reasons for selecting cognitive grammar to explain the phenomena of languages 2.1. Cognitive Grammar and Cognitive Linguistics 2.1.1. What is Cognitive linguistics? Cognitive Linguistics is a new approach to the study of language which views linguistic knowledge as part of general cognition and thinking; linguistic behaviour is not separated from other general cognitive abilities which allow mental processes of reasoning, memory, attention or learning, but understood as an integral part of it. 2.1.2. The relationship between Cognitive Grammar and Cognitive Linguistics Idea from Cognitive Grammar now widely held in Cognitive linguistics. And Cognitive linguistics, provide good evidence that doing linguistics from a cognitive perspective leads to rich insights into many linguistics phenomena, ranging from studies in phonology, to those in semantics pragmatics, and psychological aspects of language use. In addition, language and culture are inseparable. Language is part of a certain culture, therefore acquiring a language, being a member of a language community, inevitably means absorbing certain cultural aspects of that community. Culture and the lifestyle of the community where one grows up influence their habits and world views and it was these factors that have decided awareness of the language of each individual, from which formed the phenomena of languages. Cognitive Linguistics, recognizing the mutual influence between cognition and language, naturally accords these crucial aspects of human life, and thereby cognition, their share of reciprocity with language. According toBielack and Pawlak (2013) suggested that in cognitive linguistics and cognitive grammar the relationship between language and cognition is considered to be dialectic; not only does human cognitive functioning tell us something about the language faculty, but also our insight into language provides important clues to understanding cognitive processes. Although this claim is reminiscent of the formalist understanding of the term cognitive as used with reference to language study, in cognitive linguistics this term is, as has just been explained by referring to the formative linguistic role of cognitive processes, understood much more broadly. In brief, cognitive grammar represents a specific practical and theoretical approach to language within the broader discipline of cognitive linguistics. Cognitive linguists view all forms of language as rooted in the same basic cognitive mechanisms involved in other areas of experience in our wider encounters with the world. For cognitive linguists, language is embodied; it is grounded in our physical, bodily experiences as human beings. Furthermore, this embodied experience has an important social and cultural dimension. Cognitive linguists recognise the specific uses to which language is put within a sociological context, and their role in shaping the linguistic system. 2.2. The status of linguistic cognition For a cognitive linguist, linguistic cognition simply is cognition; it is an inextricable phenomenon of overall human cognition. Linguistic cognition has no special or separate status apart from any other cognition. This means that we expect patterns of cognition observed by psychologists, neurobiologists and the like to be reflected in language. Furthermore, the various phenomena of language are not cognitively distinct one from another. Although it is often useful and convenient for linguists to talk about various levels or modules of language, these distinctions are perceived by cognitive linguists to be somewhat artificial. The truth is that all the parts of language are in constant communication, and indeed are really not parts at all; they are a unified phenomenon operating in unison with the greater phenomena of general consciousness and cognition. Linguists have frequently observed that the borders between traditional linguistic phenomena can be crossed. Phonology, for exampl e, can be affected by morphology, semantics, syntax, and pragmatics; and syntax has likewise been shown to be vulnerable to the workings of phonology, semantics, and pragmatics. The fact that these items are not pristinely discrete is perhaps not news, but for a cognitive linguist this type of evidence is expected, pursued, and focused on rather than being relegated to the status of something marginal and unimportant. 2.3. The status of meaning All the various phenomena of language are interwoven with each other as well as with all of cognition because they are all motivated by the same force: the drive to make sense of our world. Making sense of what we experience entails not just understanding, but an ability to express that understanding, and indeed these two projects inform each other: our experience is formative to expression, but it is also the case that our expressive resources have some influence on how we perceive our experiences. Of course language does most of the heavy lifting (and the finer handiwork) in this job of expression that is so important to cognition. All phenomena of language are mobilized for this task, and all are therefore driven by the need to express meaning. Meaning underwrites the existence of all linguistic units and phenomena, none of which are semantically empty. Meaning is therefore not tidily contained in the lexicon, but ranges all through the linguistic spectrum, because meaning is the very energy that propels the motor of language. Grammar is an abstract meaning structure that interacts with the more concrete meanings of lexicon. Grammar and lexicon are not two discrete types of meaning, but rather the extreme ends of a spectrum of meaning containing transitional or hybrid types (functor words like prepositions and conjunctions are examples of hybrids that carry both lexical and grammatical semantic freight). From the supra- and segmental features of phonology through morphology, syntax, and discourse pragmatics, all of language shares the task of expressing meaning. This includes even idioms and dead metaphors, which remain motivated within the system of a given language, and whose motivation can be made explicit. 2.4. The conceptualist view of meaning From a cognitive linguistic perspective, the answer is evident: meanings are in the minds of the speakers who produce and understand the expressions. It is hard to imagine where else they might be. A conceptualist view of meaning is not as self-evident as it might first seem and has to be properly interpreted. The platonicview treats language as an abstract, disembodied entity that cannot be localized. Like the objects and laws of mathematics (e.g. the geometric ideal of a circle), linguistic meanings are seen as transcendent, existing independently of minds and human endeavor. And more reasonable is the interactivealternative, which does take people into account but claims that an individual mind is not the right place to look for meanings. Instead, meanings are seen as emerging dynamically in discourse and social interaction. Rather than being fixed and predetermined, they are actively negotiated by interlocutors on the basis of the physical, linguistic, social, and cultural contex t. Meaningis not localized but distributed, aspects of it inhering in the speech community, in the pragmatic circumstances of the speech event, and in the surrounding world. 2.5. Foundation of meanings A considerable progress is that meanings are being made in cognitive linguistics,in the broader context of cognitive science. Conceptualization resides in cognitive processing. Having a certain mental experience resides in the occurrence of a certain kind of neurological activity. Cognitive grammar embodies a coherent and plausible view of conceptualization, allowing a principled basis for characterizing many facets of semantic and grammatical structure. Meaning is equated with conceptualization. Linguistic semantics must therefore attempt the structural analysis and explicit description of abstract entities like thoughts and concepts. The term conceptualization is interpreted quite broadly: it encompasses novel conceptions as well as fixed concepts; sensory, kinesthetic, and emotive experience; recognition of the immediate context (social, physical, and linguistic); and so on. Because conceptualization resides in cognitive processing, our ultimate objective must be to characterize the types of cognitive events whose occurrence constitutes a given mental experience. Cognitive semantics has focused on the former, which is obviously more accessible and amenable to investigation via linguistic evidence. Cognitive semantics claims that meaning is based on mental imagery and conceptualizations of reality which do not objectively correspond to it but reflect a characteristic human way of understanding. Thus, one of the basic axioms of cognitive semantics is that linguistic meaning originates in the human interpretation of reality. It is part of the cognitive linguistics movement. Semantics is the study of linguistic meaning. Cognitive semantics holds that language is part of a more general human cognitive ability, and can therefore only describe the world as people conceive it.It is implicit that there is some difference between this conceptual world and the real world. An imaginative phenomena prove essential to conceptualization and linguistic meaning. A primary means of enhancing and even constructing our mental world is metaphor, where basic organizational features of one conceptual domain usually more directly grounded in bodily experience are projected onto another. In (4), aspects of the source domain, pertaining to the manipulation of physical objects, are projected metaphorically onto the target domainof understanding and communicating ideas. (Riemer, 1972) (4) (a) I couldnt grasp what she was saying. (b) We were tossing some ideas around. (c) The message went right over his head. (d) He didnt catch my drift. A linguistically appropriate characterization of meaning should accommodate such differences. Cognitive grammar defines the meaning of a composite expression as including not only the semantic structure that represents its composite sense, but also its compositional path: the hierarchy of semantic structures reflecting its progressive assembly from the meanings of component expressions. For example, that the composite semantic values of pork and pig meat are identical. As an unanalyzable morpheme, pork symbolizes this notion directly, so its compositional path consists of the single semantic structure [PORK]. However pig meat is analyzable, that is, speakers recognize the semantic contribution of its component morphemes. The meaning of pig meut therefore incorporates not only the composite structure [PORK], but also the individually symbolized components [PIG] and [MEAT] together with the relationship that each of them bears to the composite value. The two expressions arrive at the s ame composite value through different compositional paths (a degenerate path in the case of pork), with the consequence that they differ in meaning. 2.6. Metaphor and metonymy and semantic domains in cognitive grammar The example discussed in this section returns to an issue raised earlier (section 2) and demonstrates that sameness versus difference of semantic domain should not be taken as the basis on which to distinguish metaphors from metonymies. Slap in (17) can be paraphrased as make move by slapping, which reveals its nature as a metonymic extension from the verbs basic meaning to the result of the verbal action: (Raymond W. Gibbs Steen, 1997) (17) Louise is coming to-night to see me slap the masked fellow to the dust. (OED slap 1b. vt. 1889 drive back, beat down, knock to the ground, etc. with a slap.) Slap here is analyzed as x make y move by slapping, but it is unlikely that a slap, or even a series of slaps, in the sense of a blow, esp. one given with the open hand, or with something having a flat surface (OED slap sb.) would be enough to achieve this result: in order to knock someone to the ground a more forceful type of P/I with a more rigid impactor than the hand, which is jointed and thus weakened at the wrist, would be necessary (except in the case of an exceptionally strong agent and an exceptionally weak patient). There is thus a mismatch between the inherent semantics of the verb slap and the context in which it appears. One way to describe this situation would be as understatement: slap in (17) plays down the effort needed to overcome the opponent. I propose that the understating effect of (17) derives from its nature as a metaphorical application of the initial metonymic extension. The physical actions needed to bring down the masked fellow presumably a whole repertoi re of aggressive moves taking place in the context of a struggle are represented as equivalent to a different class of physical actions, slapping. The effect of this metaphor is to treat the metaphorical target (the actions that do in fact take place) in a way that makes it seem minor and inconsequential. The present meaning of slap can therefore be derived through a two-step process. First, slap is extended metonymically from its root meaning to the meaning make move by slapping; secondly, this newly created meaning is applied in a metaphorical fashion to a situation which does not actually involve any slapping, but which is imagined as doing so in order to conceive of the event in a certain perspective (i.e. as unstrenuous and trivial). The fact that both the action really needed to down the opponent and the action of slapping are in the same general semantic domain of contact through impact or some such is not relevant and certainly does not make (17) an example of metonymy, as it would for those analysts who define m etonymy as intra-domain meaning extension. (17) counts as a metaphor (a metaphorical application of the initial metonymic extension to make move by slapping) because it uses one class of events as a conceptual model for another class, thereby imposing a particular understanding of the second class. The fact that both target and vehicle of the metaphor share the same general semantic domain issues not in a classification of the figure as metonymic, but simply as an understatement. Metaphor is an interesting linguistic phenomenon which has attracted the attention of many linguists. Metaphor has traditionally been viewed as one of the figures of speech, a rhetorical device, or a stylistic device used in literature to achieve an aesthetic effect. Metaphor in the light of cognitive linguistics is not only used in poems and prose but also in daily life language. In short, metaphor in cognitive linguistics is considered not merely a means of communication but also a means of cognition, reflecting the mechanism by which people understand and explain about the real world. In short, the meaningfulness of grammar becomes apparent only with an appropriate view of linguistic meaning. In cognitive semantics, meaning is identified as the conceptualization associated with linguistic expressions. This may seem obvious, but in fact it runs counter to standard doctrine. A conceptual view of meaning is usually rejected either as being insular entailing isolation from the world as well as from other minds or else as being nonempirical and unscientific. These objections are unfounded. Though it is a mental phenomenon, conceptualization is grounded in physical reality: it consists in activity of the brain, which functions as an integral part of the body, which functions as an integral part of the world. Linguistic meanings are also grounded in social interaction, being negotiated by interlocutors based on mutual assessment of their knowledge, thoughts, and intentions. As a target of analysis, conceptualization is elusive and challenging, but it is not mysterious or beyond the scope of scientific inquiry. Cognitive semantics provides an array of tools allowing precise, explicit descriptions for essential aspects of conceptual structure. These descriptions are based on linguistic evidence and potentially subject to empirical verification. Analyzing language from this perspective leads to remarkable conclusions about linguistic meaning and human cognition. Remarkable, first, is the extent to which an expressions meaning depends on factors other than the situation described. On the one hand, it presupposes an elaborate conceptual substrate, including such matters as background knowledge and apprehension of the physical, social, and linguistic context. On the other hand, an expression imposes a particular construal, reflecting just one of the countless ways of conceiving and portraying the situation in question. Also remarkable is the extent to which imaginative abilities come into play. Phenomena like metaphor (e.g. vacant star) and reference to virtual entities (e.g. any cat) are pervasive, even in prosaic discussions of actual circumstances. Finally, these phenomena exemplify the diverse array of mental constructions that help us deal with and in large measure constitute the world we live in and talk about. It is a world of extraordinary richness, extending far beyond the physical reality it is grounded in. Conceptual semantic description is thus a major source of insight about our mental world and its construction. Grammatical meanings prove especially revealing in this respect. Since they tend to be abstract, their essential import residing in construal, they offer a direct avenue of approach to this fundamental aspect of semantic organization. Perhaps surprisingly given its stereotype as being dry, dull, and purely formal grammar relies extensively on imaginative phenomena and mental constructions. Also, the historical evolution of grammatical elements yields important clues about the meanings of their lexical sources and semantic structure more generally. The picture that emerges belies the prevailing view of grammar as an autonomous formal system. Not only is it meaningful, it also refl ects our basic experience of moving, perceiving, and acting on the world. At the core of grammatical meanings are mental operations inherent in these elemental components of moment-to-moment living. When properly analyzed, therefore, grammar has much to tell us about both meaning and cognition. It fully acknowledges the grounding of language in social interaction, but insists that even its interactive function is critically dependent on conceptualization. Compared with formal approaches, cognitive linguistics stands out by resisting the imposition of boundaries between language and other psychological phenomena. 3. Conclusion In a nutshell, as their names suggest , cognitive linguistics and Cognitive Grammar view language as an integral part of cognition. Conceptualization is seen (without inconsistency) as being both physically grounded and pervasively imaginative, both individual and fundamentally social. Being conceptual in nature, linguistic meaning shares these properties. It fully acknowledges the grounding of language in social interaction, but insists that even its interactive function is critically dependent on conceptualization. Compared with formal approaches, cognitive linguistics stands out by resisting the imposition of boundaries between language and other psychological phenomena. Grammatical meanings are schematic. At the extreme, they are nothing more than cognitive abilities applicable to any content. The more schematic these meanings are, the harder it is to study them, but also the more rewarding. Grammatical analysis proves, in fact, to be an essential tool for conceptual analysis. In grammar, which abstracts away from the details of particular expressions, we see more clearly the mental operations immanent in their conceptual content. These often amount to simulations of basic aspects of everyday experience: processing activity inherent in conceptual archetypes is disengaged from them and extended to a broad range of other circumstances. In this respect, grammar reflects an essential feature of human cognition. References Bielack, J., Pawlak, M. (2013). Applying Cognitive Grammar in the Foreign Language Classroom. Heine, B. (1997). Cognitive Foundations of Grammar. Langacker, R. W. (2008). Cognitive Grammar: A Basic Introduction. Raymond W. Gibbs, J., Steen, G. J. (1997). Metaphor in Cognitive Linguistics. Riemer, N. (1972). Cognitive Linguistics Research: The Semantics of Polysemy